Violence And Pornography Essays - Anti-pornography Feminism

Savagery And Pornography Essays - Anti-sex entertainment Feminism Savagery and Pornography Sex entertainment Sex or Subordination? In the late Seventies, America got stunned and offended by the assault, mutilation, and murder of over twelve youthful, lovely young ladies. The man who submitted these killings, Ted Bundy, was later caught and executed. During his confinement in different prisons, he was intellectually examined and nudged by clinician and psychoanalysts wanting to find the base of his brutal activities and sexual dissatisfactions. Numerous hypotheses emerged in endeavors to clarify the persuasive factors behind his lethal capers. In any case, the most grounded and generally plausible of these hypotheses came not from the analysts, however from the man himself, as an adolescent, my amigos and I would all sneak around and watch pornography. As I developed more established, I turned out to be increasingly intrigued and associated with it, [pornography] turned into a fixation. I got so associated with it, I needed to consolidate [porn] into my life, yet I couldn?t carry on like that and keep up the achi evement I had buckled down for. I created a change sense of self to satisfy my dreams under-spread. Sex entertainment was a methods for opening the malicious I had burried inside myself (Leidholdt 47). Is it conceivable that sex entertainment is going about as the way to opening the fiendishness in progressively unsteady personalities? As indicated by Edward Donnerstein, a main analyst in the sex entertainment field, the connection between explicitly savage pictures in the media and ensuing animosity and . . . insensitive mentalities towards ladies is much stonger factually than the connection among smoking and disease (Itzin 22). In the wake of thinking about the expansion in assault and attack, lewd behavior, and other sex wrongdoings in the course of the most recent couple of decades, and furthermore the relating increment of business in the sex entertainment industry, the connection among savagery and pornogrpahy needs significant investigation and assessment. When the proof you will experience in this paper is assessed and measured, it will be hard not left away with the acknowledgment that routine utilization of explicit material advances ridiculous and unreachable wants in men that can leac to rough conduct toward ladies. So as to appropriately examine sex entertainment, and have the option to interface it to viciousness, we should initially go to a fundamental and pleasing comprehension of what the word erotic entertainment implies. The term pornogrpahy begins from two greek words, porne, which implies mistress, and graphein, which intends to compose (Webster?s 286). My conviction is that the mix of the two words was initially intended to portray, in writing, the sexual adventures of ladies esteemed to be prostitutes. As time has passed, this meaning of sex entertainment has developed to incorporate any foul writing and pictures. At the current date, the term is fundamentally a sweeping which covers a wide range of material, for example, unequivocal writing, photography, movies, and video tapes with shifting degrees of sexual substance. For Catherine Itzin?s research purposes pornogrpahy has been separated into three classes: The explicitly express and rough; the explicitly unequivocal and peaceful, yet subjecting and dehumanizing; and the explicitly express, peaceful, and nonsubordinating that depends on commonality. The explicitly express and rough is realistic, indicating infiltration and discharge. Likewise, it shows the brutal demonstration toward a lady. The subsequent model shows the realistic sexual act and peak, yet not a brutal demonstration. This model shows the lady being dressed is an ensemble or being ?talked down? to so as to diminish her to something not human, for example, a body part or only something to have intercourse with, a body opening or a hole. Not exclusively does ?erotica? show the whole realistic sexual act, it likewise portrays a fascination between two individuals. Her examination reliably shows that hurtful impacts are related with the initial two, however that the third ?erotica?, is innocuous (22). These three classes fundamentally exist as devices of perceiving content. Albeit in some cases they cover without a genuine qualification, as in when the film is realistic in the sexual demonstration and furthermore in brutality, however shows the go about just like a shared action between the individuals taking an interest. In my view, to additionally isolate erotic entertainment, it is conceivable to separate it into much less complex classes: delicate and in-your-face sex entertainment. No-nonsense erotic entertainment is a mix of the explicitly express and vicious and the explicitly unequivocal and peaceful, yet subjecting

How to Meet People in College

Instructions to Meet People in College Realizing how to meet individuals in school can be more testing than you may have anticipated. There are huge amounts of understudies, indeed, yet it very well may be difficult to make singular associations in the groups. On the off chance that youre not certain where to begin, think about one of these ten thoughts: Join a club. You dont need to know anybody in the club to go along with; you simply need to have a general enthusiasm about the clubs exercises and mission. Discover a club that intrigues you and head to a gathering regardless of whether its the center of the semester. Join an intramural games group. Intramurals can be probably the best component of being in school. Youll get some activity in, become familiar with some incredible athletic abilities, and obviously! make some incredible companions all the while. Volunteer on or off grounds. Chipping in can be a simple method to meet individuals. On the off chance that you locate a volunteer program or gathering that shares your qualities, you can have any kind of effect in your locale while likewise making some close to home associations with individuals simply like you. Win-win! Go to a strict help nearby. Strict people group can resemble a home away from home. Discover a help you like and the connections will normally blossom. Find a nearby line of work. Probably the simplest approaches to meet people is to find a nearby line of work that includes associating with bunches of individuals. Regardless of whether its creation espressos a grounds café or conveying mail, working with others is an extraordinary method to become more acquainted with many individuals. Engage with an initiative chance. Being bashful or a thoughtful person doesnt mean you dont have solid authority aptitudes. Regardless of whether youre running for understudy government or simply electing to arrange a program for your club, serving in an influential position can permit you to interface with others. Start an examination gathering. While the fundamental objective of an investigation bunch is to concentrate on scholastics, theres additionally a significant social side. Locate a couple of individuals who you think would function admirably in an investigation gathering and check whether everybody needs to enable each other to out. Work for the grounds paper. Regardless of whether your grounds delivers an every day paper or a week by week one, joining the staff can be an incredible method to meet others. Youll associate with your individual staff individuals, yet youll additionally interface with a wide range of different people doing meetings and research. Work for the gr ounds yearbook. Much the same as the paper, the grounds yearbook can be an extraordinary method to interface. Youll meet huge amounts of people while striving to report all that occurs during your time in school. Start your own club or association! it might sound senseless or in any event, scaring from the outset, yet beginning your own club or association can be an extraordinary method to meet others. Also, regardless of whether just a couple of people appear for your first gathering, that is as yet a triumph. Youll have discovered a couple of individuals you share something just the same as and who, in a perfect world, you can become more acquainted with somewhat better.

Real Oxbridge Interview Questions Revealed!

Real Oxbridge Interview Questions Revealed! The OE Blog In an unprecedented move, Oxford University has chosen to draw back the mysterious veil surrounding its legendary admissions process by releasing a wide ranging set of genuine interview questions from recent years. The decision, aimed at demystifying the interview for students from all backgrounds and making it a less intimidating experience, has seen questions from admissions tutors across a broad spectrum of subjects published on the university website. As one admissions tutor, Dr Nicholas Owen, explained, the goal of the interview is not “to catch candidates out with trick questions,” but rather “to find out how they think when they encounter challenging ideas.” We will go on in later blogs to explore specific questions posed by the Oxford interviewers and consider the various ways in which an applicant might approach them, but before we move on to individual scenarios there are some very useful truths to be drawn about the Oxbridge interview process from the set of released questions as a whole. Here are our top ten tips. There are very few ‘trick questions’ The admissions tutors frequently stress that there is nothing to be gained from their point of view by ‘catching students out’ with questions designed to make them fall into a trap. They want you to show them your fullest potential, so don’t be suspicious and wary, but rather consider every question as widely and carefully as possible and consider that there may be several different ways to answer it. You aren’t expected to know everything Many of the questions are much less specific than you might expect and could actually be answered by anybody with basic general knowledge and an intelligent brain. Admissions tutors are very aware that different pupils will have been taught to different levels in their A level subjects and you won’t be disadvantaged if you haven’t happened to cover a particular topic, provided you show enthusiasm and interest to have a go and apply a logical, intelligent approach to trying. Students from disadvantaged backgrounds shouldn’t be at a disadvantage One specific sample question asks geography candidates to describe their local area, with the interviewer explaining that this gives no advantage to those who may be lucky enough to be widely travelled. Interviewers are looking for evidence of a positive attitude and intelligent methods of thinking, not of life experience or privileges. There is no ‘right’ answer Almost all the sample questions make it very clear that there is no one simple ‘correct’ answer. So don’t be tempted to solve the question simply or be too clear cut â€" it is much better to carefully approach the different possible methods of interpreting it and show the breadth of your critical thinking â€" don’t be afraid to put forward two or three possible conclusions. You need to take a hint The interviewers suggest that they will often gently nudge candidates towards the type of discussion they are hoping a question will provoke â€" so if you are struggling, be careful to listen to what the interviewer says and be guided by them. Don’t just shut them out as you dig yourself into a hole â€" they will be trying to help you! You can change your mind! Interviewers will often accept your first answer to a question, but then follow it with a new question that makes you wish you had made a different decision! For example in the biological sciences question “would you save the rainforests or the coral reefs?” you may initially elect to save the reefs, but then regret this when a question about pollution follows. Don’t be afraid to double back and change your mind â€" as long as you explain the reason for your decision the interviewer will be impressed by your flexibility and capacity to adjust your position when new information emerges. Avoid clichés The sample questions make it clear that interviewers are looking for intelligent, nuanced answers that go into detail and acknowledge complexity. Answering questions with clichés like “I want to help people” (for “why do you want to study medicine”) will not get you very far. Be yourself The interview questions that have been released make it clear above all that admissions tutors want to get a sense of who you are and what your unique academic approach to the subject will be. Don’t try to give the textbook answer; be prepared to show individuality and don’t be scared to let the interviewer see your own take on the question, even if it might not be the ‘traditional’ answer you think they are expecting. Don’t be afraid to question the question Although there are no ‘trick’ questions, several admissions tutors intentionally ask questions that invite interrogation or clarification. A question may, for example, be in two parts and those two parts might actually be mutually contradictory â€" make sure you carefully consider exactly what is being asked and whether it is appropriate to reframe or question the question before you begin to formulate your answer. Stand up for yourself Most of the sample questions are extremely broad and open ended, and intentionally so â€" the interviewers are looking as much at whether or not you can defend and rationalise an argument as at whether or not you choose the ‘correct’ position. So don’t leap to change your mind if you are questioned â€" be confident and use evidence to explain why you have drawn those particular conclusions. Much of the interview is aimed at surmising what a candidate would be like in a tutorial situation â€" and you wouldn’t want to be walked over too easily by other students with conflicting ideas!

Sing Joy to the World in Spanish

For a joyful lift to your holidays, heres a Spanish-language version of Joy to the World, the classic Christmas carol. The hymn was originally written in English by Isaac Watts. A literal translation and translation notes are provided for Spanish students.  ¡Regocijad! Jesà ºs nacià ³  ¡Regocijad! Jesà ºs nacià ³, del mundo Salvador;y cada corazà ³n tornad a recibir al Rey,a recibir al Rey. Venid a recibir al Rey.  ¡Regocijad! Él reinarà ¡; cantemos en unià ³n;y en la tierra y en el mar loor resonarà ¡,loor resonarà ¡, y gran loor resonarà ¡. Ya la maldad vencida es; la tierra paz tendrà ¡.La bendicià ³n del Salvador quità ³ la maldicià ³n,quità ³ la maldicià ³n; Jesà ºs quità ³ la maldicià ³n.  ¡Glorias a Dios cantemos hoy! Seà ±or de Israel,la libertad tà º le darà ¡s y tà º serà ¡s su Dios,y tà º serà ¡s su Dios, Seà ±or, y tà º serà ¡s su Dios. Translation of Spanish Lyrics Rejoice! Jesus was born, Savior of the world;and each heart turn to receive the King,to receive the King. Come to receive the King. Rejoice! He will reign; let us sing in unison;and in the the land and in the sea praise will echo,praise will echo, and great praise will echo. The evil now is conquered; the earth will have peace.The Saviors blessing removed the curse,removed the curse. Jesus removed the curse. Today we sing glories to God! Lord of Israel,You will give her liberty and You will be her God,and You will be her God, Lord, and You will be her God. Grammar and Vocabulary Notes Regocijad: This is the familiar second-person plural imperative form (the vosotros form) of regocijar, which means to rejoice. It isnt a particularly common verb. In everyday conversation, youre unlikely to hear familiar plural imperative forms of verbs much outside of Spain, as in Latin American the formal you (ustedes) is used even in informal contexts. Nacià ³: This is the third-person plural preterite of nacer, which has no one-word equivalent in English, meaning to be born. Nacer is conjugated the same way as conocer. Del mundo Salvador: In everyday speech or writing, youd be much more likely to say Salvador del mundo for Savior of the world. In music, however, theres considerably more latitude with word order to get the desired rhythm. Tornad: Like regocijad, this is a plural-you command. Tornar typically means to convert or to turn into, and it is used most frequently in a religious context. As you may have noticed, the vosotros imperative form of the verb is made simply by changing the final r of the infinitive to a d. And this is always true — there are no irregular verbs for this form. Al: Al is one of only two contractions in Spanish, shortening a and el. The a here is the personal a, used because the direct object is el Rey, a person. (The other contraction is del, for de and el.) Venid: From the verb venir. Cantemos: From the verb cantar (to sing). This is the first-personal plural imperative form. En unià ³n: Although this phrase could be translated as in union, in unison is used because of the context of choral singing. Loor: This word is rare enough you wont find it in smaller dictionaries. It means praise. Resonarà ¡: Resonar means to resound or, more poetically, to echo or to ring. Gran: Gran is an example of apocopation, the shortening or clipping of certain adjectives when they immediately precede a noun. Although some adjectives are shortened only before masculine nouns, the singular grande is shortened whether masculine or feminine. Its meaning also changes from large to great. La maldad vencida es: This is another case of poetic word order. In everyday speech, youd more likely say, La maldad es vencida, evil is overcome. This sentence is in the passive voice, not directly stating what overcomes evil. Bendicià ³n: Blessing (ben- good, -dicià ³n saying, from the verb decir). Quità ³: Past tense of quitar, to remove. Maldicià ³n: Curse (mal- bad) Seà ±or: Although this word is often used as a courtesy title meaning the equivalent of Mr., it can also mean Lord. La libertad tà º le darà ¡s: This and the remainder of the song is an example of personification. The pronoun le usually isnt used to refer to things, only to people. But here it refers to Israel, which has been personified. Le is an indirect pronoun; the direct pronoun here is libertad, that which is being given.pecador Alternative Spanish Version of ‘Joy to the World’ Here is another popular Spanish-language version of the Christmas carol, although its translation to Spanish is less literal than the one above. The words most likely to be unfamiliar to Spanish students are grey, the word for a flock, such as of sheep; pecador, a sinner; and santa, the singular feminine form of santo, holy.  ¡Al mundo paz, nacià ³ Jesà ºs,nacià ³ ya nuestro Rey!El corazà ³n ya tiene luz,y paz su santa grey,y paz su santa grey,y paz, y paz, su santa grey.  ¡Al mundo paz; el Salvador,supremo reinarà ¡!Ya es feliz el pecador:pecadorJesà ºs perdà ³n le da,Jesà ºs perdà ³n le da,Jesà ºs, Jesà ºs perdà ³n le da. Al mundo à ©l gobernarà ¡con gracia y con poder;y a toda nacià ³n demostrarà ¡su amor y su poder,su amor y su poder,su amor, su amor y su poder.

Phd Research Proposal Writing Service for Dummies

Phd Research Proposal Writing Service for Dummies A wonderful research proposal writing service works to fulfill your research proposal requirements and demandsUse our research proposal assist and get your proposal. You might find it helpful to examine the next examples of successful research proposals. Therefore, if you're planning to earn a proposal, go and do it. You could also check out the way to compose a proposal for a project Your proposal may want to define an issue and provide a solution that will convince the people you're proposing to. Apparently, a fraud essays help service doesn't want you to have an option to reach them after being robbed. Paraphrasing services uk can supply you with as little effort possible year to acquire only the very best way stay. There are a lot of reasons why you need to prefer our services. The absolute most complete custom made services reviews here. 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Macro Economics Free Essays

1. Suppose that changes in bank regulations expand the availability of credit cards so that people need to hold less cash. If the central bank does not respond to this event, what will happen to the price level? Use a diagram to assist in answering this question. We will write a custom essay sample on Macro Economics or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Use the loanable funds model to explain what happens to interest rates and investment if a government moves from a balanced budget position to a budget surplus. 3. Suppose that the T-account for The Open Campus National Bank (OCNB) is as follows: Assets Reserves $100,000 Loans 400,000 (a) If the central bank requires to hold 5% of deposits as reserves, how much in excess reserves does ONCB now hold? (b) If ONCB decides to reduce its reserves to only the required amount, by how much would the economy’s money supply change? 4. (a) Explain the adjustment process that creates a change in the price level when the money supply increases essay writer online. (b) Explain with the aid of a diagram what happens to the money supply, money demand, the value of money, and the price level if the central bank increases the money supply. c) Explain with the aid of a diagram what happens to the money supply, money demand, the value of money, and the price level if people demand less money at every price level. 5. Liabilities Deposits $500,000 If the central bank requires banks to hold 5% of deposits as reserves, how much in excess reserves does OCNB now hold? If OCNB decides to reduce its reserves to only the required amount, by how much would the economy†™s money supply change? Explain the adjustment process that creates a change in the price level when the money supply increases. Explain with the aid of a diagram what happens to the money supply, money demand, the value of money, and the price level if the central bank increases the money supply. Explain with the aid of a diagram what happens to the money supply, money demand, the value of money, and the price level if people demand less money at every price level. Explain, using diagrams, the effect on prices and output if: (a) farmers experience excellent growing conditions for a prolonged period. (b) households decide to spend a larger share of their income. 6. Explain, using diagrams, what happens to the interest rate, consumption, investment, and aggregate demand if the central bank sells government bonds to the public. 7. Suppose commercial banks install ATMs at every supermarket and gas station and, by making cash readily available, reduce the amount of money people want to hold. (a) According to the theory of liquidity preference, what happens to the interest rate? What happens to aggregate demand? (Assume the central bank does not change the money supply. ) (b) If the central bank wants to stabilise aggregate demand, how should it respond? How to cite Macro Economics, Papers

The Rainbow Fish Essay Example

The Rainbow Fish Paper The Rainbow Fish has lots of dialogue to demonstrate interaction, whereas Rumpus at the Vet has none. Pfister, plays on the readers feelings to make the story emotive. Feelings of, loneliness, selfishness, sadness and happiness play a big part in the story. Whereas the Author used the theme of humour in Rumpus at the Vet to enrapture his audience. The vocabulary in both books is used with children in mind; the words are easy to understand, even though some are difficult to read. Conclusion  The books are very different in many ways. However, in my opinion they are both excellent examples of enchanting texts for children. Both authors capture their audience using contrasting styles of writing. Although both texts were written to be read to children, I feel that older ones could enjoy reading them by themselves, especially Rumpus at the Vet.  I have selected The Rainbow Fish to discuss how I would use this piece of text in the classroom.  The learning objectives that I would use for the lesson are taken from The National Literacy Strategy, Year 2 term 1. Although there are many ways that this text could be used I have chosen these objectives:  Word Level Work  Word recognition, graphic knowledge and spelling:  7 To use word endings e.g. s (plurals) ed (past tense) ing (present tense) to support their reading and spelling. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rainbow Fish specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Rainbow Fish specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Rainbow Fish specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sentence Level Work  Grammar and punctuation:  2 To find examples in fiction and non-fiction, of words and phrases that link sentences e.g. after, meanwhile, during, before, then, next, after a while.  Text Level Work  Comprehension and Composition:  5- To identify and discuss reasons for events in stories linked to plot.  The learning objectives should be written on the board so that all pupils are aware of them. Furthermore, the teacher should read the objectives out so that all pupils are aware of what they are. The Lesson During the focused word part of the lesson, the teacher would discuss plurals and how they are distinguished. Explaining that when there is more than one object it is called a plural and quite often, we just add ans or es depending on how the word is spelt. The teacher could ask the children to give some examples which she could write on the board for reference, using two columns to see if the children could see any patterns between adding s and es. Then in another column, the children could give examples of verbs, giving their past and present tense. She could then go on to consolidate that words in their root form can have different endings added, according to how many there are, or by their tense. Next, the teacher could go on to explain that she would read The Rainbow fish to the children and they should try to listen out for words that are plurals and have endings to show which tense the story is in. Also during the reading of the story, the teacher would like the children to think about how the story is linked together by using adverbs of time. The teacher could explain that rather than use and then as children quite often do, there are alternatives such as meanwhile, during, after and next. These links make the story more interesting and flow chronologically.

Internal Operating Environment for Comic Relief Essays

Internal Operating Environment for Comic Relief Essays Internal Operating Environment for Comic Relief Essay Internal Operating Environment for Comic Relief Essay Internal Operating Environment for Comic Relief 1.0Internal Operating Environment 1.1Comic Relief Aims 1.2Comic Relief Resources 1.3Comic Relief Culture 1.4Role of Marketing in Comic Relief 1.5Evaluation of Marcomms 2.0Recommendations Bibliography 1.1 Amusing Relief Aims Comic Relief s chief aim is raising money from the general populace by actively affecting them in events and undertakings that are advanced and merriment. It besides attempts to inform, educate and advance societal alteration ( Amusing Relief, 2005 ) . 1.2 Amusing Relief Resources The selling resources of Comic Relief are limited, particularly when considered in comparing to a commercial house. Comic Relief’s fundraising costs are covered by sponsorship in hard currency or in sort so that every penny raised goes to charity. Therefore Amusing Relief has had to be imaginative in its selling activities. 1.3 Amusing Relief Culture The civilization of Comic Relief matches its trade name image ; cheerful, caring and confident ( Adkins, 1999, p174 ) . Selling is cardinal to what Comic Relief do. 1.4 Role of Marketing in Comic Relief Whereas commercial administrations may hold a figure of marketing aims, such as increasing market standing or bettering profitableness ( Brassington A ; Pettitt, 2000, p900 ) , a charity like Comic Relief has merely one mark, to raise every bit much money as possible for its causes. Therefore Amusing Relief can mensurate how good its selling has done by analyzing how much money is raised. Amusing Relief is alone in that the Government, corporate givers and single providers fund its selling activities. One hundred per centum of personal contributions go to worthy causes ( Amusing Relief, 2005 ) . The more money Comic Relief rise, the more the money spent on selling can be said to work. The method and timing of the contribution lead to rating of the selling activity that initiated the contribution. 1.5 Evaluation of Marcomms McCarthy ( 1964, cited in Mohammed A ; Pervaiz, 1995 ) offered the four Ps ( merchandise, monetary value, topographic point and publicity ) as the combination of factors that satisfies the mark consumer. This attack is now used to measure Comic Relief’s current selling marcomms. When sing the merchandise or service Amusing Relief provides there are two facets that need to be looked at. First of all Comic Relief provide the service of raising money for worthwhile causes. As portion of this, Amusing Relief provides a figure of merchandises. These include ring tones, the Dubble cocoa saloon ( made from reasonably traded chocolate beans ) , a Nationwide recognition card and books written by J.K. Rowling ( Comic Relief, 2005 ) . These merchandises offered by Comic Relief will now be analysed. Measuring these merchandises, it can be seen that Comic Relief supply a assortment of different types of merchandises. However, they all have a similar manner of packaging ( where appropriate ) ; viz. simple, bright and loud. The books have Harry Potter themed packaging. See figure 1.0 for exposures of these merchandises. figure 1.0 The pricing of these merchandises is set by the spouses involved. For illustration, Nationwide set the APR available on the Red Nose recognition card it launched with Comic Relief. The merchandises that Comic Relief has greater control over in footings of pricing policy, such as the jerseies and ring tones are priced merely somewhat higher than comparable merchandises. The ring tones cost ?3 ; comparable ring tones cost ?2. Amusing Relief utilises legion selling channels. Retailers such as TK Maxx ( t shirts ) and Sainsbury’s ( ruddy olfactory organs ) sell Amusing Relief ware. Amusing Relief besides has a strong online presence. The Red Nose Day website increased its market portion in the hebdomads taking up to 2005’s Red Nose Day. Of all Internet traffic directed at the online community sector, the Red Nose web site was responsible for 11.4 % on Red Nose Day itself ( Hitwise, 2005 ) . Most of Comic Relief’s selling activity is concerned with publicity. Since RedNose Day’s construct, more than 2050 famous persons have been involved ( Amusing Relief, 2005 ) , the most noteworthy being Lenny Henry, Billy Connolly, and John Cleese. Using the VisCAP theoretical account of presenter features ( Brassington A ; Pettitt, 2000, p581 ) , it can be seen that these people are extremely suited for the publicity of Comic Relief. They are all extremely seeable, i.e. really good known and are extremely sympathetic and hence attractive to consumers of Comic Relief. Now the traditional four P’s have been used to analyze Comic Relief, there are three more Ps that can be utilised. These are people, procedure and physical grounds. The attitude and behavior of voluntaries in Comic Relief has been praised ( BBC News, 2005 ) . The procedure of how the service is delivered by Comic Relief is notable because Comic Relief utilises other companies to present its services. For illustration, BT sets up and manages the telephone web needed on Red Nose Day ( Comic Relief, 2005 ) . The 7th P that is used to measure Comic Relief’s marcomms is physical grounds of quality. In Comic Relief’s instance this involves the information given to the populace about how the money raised is being used. Amusing Relief’s chief strength is the ability to show that the financess raised are used expeditiously. It does this largely via mini-documentaries as portion of the Red Nose Day televised shows. The doctrine of Comic Relief is to utilize comedy and laughter to acquire serious messages across. This is alone amongst its rivals. Overall, it can be said that a big portion of Comic Relief ‘s success is down to its success at selling. It has limited selling resources, yet has an surprisingly strong trade name presence and extended trade name consciousness. The writer would wish to set forward that Comic Relief is an first-class marketeer and has utilised its limited selling resources highly good to derive and keep a strong trade name presence over a figure of old ages. With such a successful company, it is hard to place to place countries for betterment or new selling activities to be tried. However, the writer will do several suggestions for betterments to Comic Relief’s selling marcomms. It has been identified that Comic Relief is presently non deriving any selling information at all. It does non enter which selling activities have prompted peculiar contributions. A little and simple alteration could earn much more elaborate selling information so that non merely the effectivity of the whole run, but the effectivity of the single elements of it could be analysed. Amusing alleviation offers a strong online presence, it should farther increase this, by seeking to make an on-line community that has utile information all twelvemonth about, non merely on Red Nose Day. This will guarantee that the trade name of Comic Relief is in consumers’ heads twelvemonth unit of ammunition. It could possibly supply journals of voluntaries, methods of acquiring involved at place and polls on topical issues. All of these characteristics would alter on a regular basis and hence encourage repetition screenings. Amusing Relief presently offers nomadic phone ring tones, which is an first-class usage of current technological tendencies. They should take advantage of another emerging tendency and utilize viral selling to publicize Comic Relief. Viral selling is the utilizations of electronic media to excite and promote word-of-mouth or electronic message airing between persons ( Morden, 1993, p 101 ) . This method of marketing would suit good with Comic Relief’s confident and brash trade name image. The Dubble cocoa saloon demands to be available in more stockists for it to be a feasible merchandise. It is presently available in a limited figure of shops. It does non hold much incursion into the confectionary market. Amusing Relief demands to incorporate their marcomms offering more. The American Association of Advertising Agencies defines IMC as ‘a construct of marketing communications be aftering that recognizes the added value of a comprehensive program that evaluates the strategic function of a assortment of communicating subjects, e.g. , general advertisement, direct response, gross revenues publicity and public dealingss and combines these subjects to supply lucidity, consistence and maximal communications impact’ ( Keller, 2000, p267 ) . Even looking at the packaging of the assorted Comic Relief merchandises, it can be seen that there is a large difference in the expressions of the assorted merchandises offered. This needs to be addressed. The concluding recommendation offered by the writer is that of increasing the figure of publicities with other trade names, such as the Persil Go Red Campaign. This run was a success for both parties involved, and likewise good thought out runs could besides hold the same consequence. Care has to be taken to guarantee that the companies that are chosen to take portion are appropriate. By this it is meant that their trade name values match those of Amusing Relief. Persil provided a ‘synergistic trade name tantrum with Comic Relief’s emotional values and trade name properties ( Adkins, 1999, p172 ) . Adkins, S. ( 1999 ) .Cause Related Marketing, Who Cares Wins. Oxford: Reed Educational. Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. ( 2000 ) .Principles of Marketing( 2neodymiumed. ) London: Pearson Education. All About UsAmusing Relief.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.comicrelief.com/ ( 29ThursdayApr. 2005 ) . Dibb, Set Al. ( 2001 ) .Marketing Concepts and Schemes( 4Thursdayed. ) Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Jobber, D. ( 2001 ) .Principles A ; Practice of Marketing. ( 3rded. ) London: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. Keller, K. ( 2000 ) . ‘Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity’ ,Journal of Consumer Marketing, 17, ( 3 ) , p263-72. Kotler, Pet Al. ( 2001 ) .Principles of Marketing( 3rderectile dysfunction ) . London: Pearson Education. Morden, A. ( 1993 ) .Elementss of Marketing. ( 3rded. ) London: DP Publication Ltd. ‘Online Communities’ ,Hitwise Competitive Intelligence. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hitwise.co.uk/info/ ( 24 Apr. 2005 ) . ‘Red Nose Day: Your comments’BBC Newshypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/4336791.stm ( 30th Apr 2005 ) .

Critiquing is not Editing

Critiquing is not Editing â€Å"Critiquing† is not â€Å"Editing† â€Å"Critiquing† is not â€Å"Editing† By Maeve Maddox A reader writes about a problem she is having with a friend who is critiquing her manuscripts. . . . whenever I use personification, alliteration, or any sort of figurative language, [the friend] edits it out. We have two very different styles, and I’m wondering if she is right in editing my work so drastically that it changes the style, or if my style is really far too â€Å"flowery†, as she puts it. Critiquing is not the same as editing. If the friend is â€Å"editing drastically,† the result is no longer a critique but a rewrite. The chief purpose of a fiction critique is to enable the writer to improve a manuscript by getting rid of unnecessary exposition, character inconsistencies or pointless dialogue. Thoughtful critiques from other writers can help the writer focus on essentials. What exactly is the writer’s purpose? Who is the protagonist? What does the protagonist want? Does each chapter advance the plot? I belong to a writing critique group. Everyone in it has a different style and different preferred genres. We also have various pet peeves relating to grammar, spelling and idiom. However, individual style is something we are very careful about respecting. For one thing, different genres call for different language. For another, every writer must develop a distinctive voice. A writer’s voice may include some flowery language. We respect style, but that’s not to say that we avoid commenting on language we feel is inappropriate or over the top. We make suggestions, but we don’t presume to edit unless we are asked to. It’s always up to the author to accept or reject any comments or objections. To the writer being critiqued I say: Its your voice. Its helpful to have others read our work and comment on structure, story line, believabilitythat kind of thing. We do not profit from readers who want to rewrite our work to their own specifications. Critiques should be honest in pointing out plot weaknesses, omissions, and other flaws, but they shouldn’t attempt to recast the author’s work according to the reader’s vision. In submitting your work for critique it’s a good idea to be specific about the type of feedback you want. If your reader’s comments are consistently hypercritical and make you feel bad, get another reader. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 101Best Websites to Learn English7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing

Traditional Absorption Costing versus Activity Based Costing Assignment

Traditional Absorption Costing versus Activity Based Costing - Assignment Example In fact Geri and Ronen (2005) indicate that cost accounting systems do not normally command a high ranking in the hierarchy of most organisations, it is the information that they generate that plays a critical role in the performance of organisations and in the decision making process. The range of systems available and the claims made by the proponents of each have led to several debates. However, some of the arguments have some merits in as much as they allow for a better understanding of the methods that are being utilised. Some of the techniques and systems in use are of traditional management accounting domain while others are of the more recent strategic management accounting domain. Some of the criticisms that have been put forward in relation to traditional systems are that they fail to provide the necessary information that would improve the strategic decision making process (Johnson and Kaplan, 1987; Bromwich and Bhimani, 1989; Roslender and Hart, 2003). Suggestions like th ese are based on the perceived inability of the traditional systems to provide information that would make the organisation more competitive and therefore improve long run performance. In fact, Benjamin et al (2009) indicates that the inefficiencies of traditional systems especially in the area of absorption costing in coping with modern business environments have been of great concern. The gaps that are thought to exist as well as changes in the manufacturing industry including the move from being labour intensive to being capital intensive have provided the impetus for innovation in this very critical area of business (Benjamin 2009; Chenhall 2003; Lukka and Shields 1999). Johnson and Kaplan (1987) indicate that this change can be found in the application of ABC to manufacturing concerns. This paper looks at two forms of full costing systems - traditional absorption costing and the more recent activity based costing (ABC). Both methods take a different approach in assigning cost t o products. 1.1 Absorption costing Absorption costing has it roots in the manufacturing industry (Benjamin et al 2009). BPP (2011) indicates that the objective of this method of costing is to include an appropriate share of an entity’s overheads in the cost of a product. What is appropriate should be reflective of the time and effort that was used in the production of the product. The method becomes complicated when an organisation produces a mix of products and activities or resources used do not bear any relationship with the volume of items produced. Geri and Ronen (2002) indicates that the use of this method requires the allocation of a proportional rate of the fixed cost of production to units produced but which has not yet been sold (Geri and Ronen 2005). 1.2 Activity Based Costing Activity based costing (ABC) was developed as an alternative to absorption costing. (BPP 2011). This method of costing identifies the cost drivers of the activities of an entity’s prod uction process. Overheads are then charged to products based on how they utilise a particular activity. 2.0 Literature Review This review while critically assessing the literature examines the features of two costing methods and looks at the justification for their use. It also provides a comparison while it examines the advantages and disadvantages of using

See my attchment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

See my attchment - Essay Example From decades this procedure was being followed in hospitals and Medicare centers which was a time consuming and hectic work. Healthcare Information database was thus the need and necessity of time according to the prevalent healthcare scenario in the country. To take care about patient’s health record and doctor patient fast interaction; National Health Services (NHS) took care the responsibility of introducing Health Information Technology (HIT) into hospitals and Medicare centers of United Kingdom. The key reasons of implementing this mega setup was to get rid of hardcopies of patient records, fasten the process, serve the patients well and ease the doctors as they would have previous health record of patients available all the time. United Kingdom government took immense steps for the implementation of this system by providing necessary funds. The purpose of this paper is to have a clear cut understanding of health information technology invasion, implementation, processes and position in United Kingdom Medicare setup. Discussion of the response from government in the adaptation of this idea and reaction attained from the relevant institutions etc. Providing best healthcare services is the intention of United Kingdom government and for this they take essential necessary steps. The progression of technology gave opportunity to humans to maintain healthcare records of patients online on an online portal. The involvement of United Kingdom government was massive in this regard thus National health Services was given the task to implant state of the art healthcare services. National health Services proceeded in taking significant steps about this matter and introduced Healthcare Information Technology (HIT) in the year 2002. The aim was primarily to maintain a centralize database of patients so that it would ease processes (Jha, Doolan & Scott, 2008‎, p.

The Nature Of Reference Group Influence Marketing Essay

The Nature Of Reference Group Influence Marketing Essay Referent power plays a very important role in marketing communication, following report look in to different influences groups and referent power. How referent power affect one. How affective a referent power is? How a marketer can use it to his advantage. What are the factors which make referent power effective? Different theories have been discussed. This report will be looking critically on evaluating the role of referent power in marketing, evaluate the role it will play in future, and provide a future marketing plan. This report of Referent power and why it can be a potent force for marketing appeals was written as a final assignment for the Consumer Behavior module. Humans are social animals and they always looks to other for appreciation, they want acceptance in the social circle. They identify themselves with some groups and consciously or subconsciously they imitate members of the group to fit in. They try to imitate those qualities by copying the referents behavior. What we think of ourselves is influenced in our social interaction by the reaction of others whose values we share or judgment we respect. Our attire, vehicles we use and career make statements about us, and our behaviors and lifestyles are the presentation of ourselves to our influence groups. By wearing a particular brand T shirt bring us closure to our group. Advertisers have different task while creating a promo or advertising depending on what are their target segment. Marketers use all three major influencing groups before launching a campaign. There are three form of reference group; Informational, normative and identification When an individual is not sure he uses the behavior and opinion of reference group members as potentially useful bits of information and try to copy it. In this case individual may have similarity with the other members of the group or expertise of the member group. So a person sees members of group using the same brand of tea he may decide to try same for Himself because he has evidence that it may be a good brand. Ads which wants to use informational power will quote something like they used it will you? Intelligent people like only one thingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ REFERRENT power is the power of prominent people to affect others consumption behaviors by virtue of product endorsement ( 50 cents for Reebok)(Pic 1.1), distinctive fashion statements On the cover of US Magazine today. Celebrity Baby Jessica Albas little princess, Honor Marie Wearing Ooh La La Mamas FLY SPIRIT onesie). or championing of causes. Campaign began with identifying three major sports figures who had a connection to lung cancer (Troy Aikman, Joe Buck, and Cal Ripken, Jr ( Pic 1.2) To understand this mechanism an example is helpful. Suppose there are two restaurants and a group of people on the street outside deciding which one to eat at. The most well-informed individuals (those with higher precision in making these types of decisions) will decide first and everyone will see some people start to line up outside of one restaurant. If the others know this person is of higher precision (and even if they dont) a few people will follow their lead and join the line. Each new person who lines up outside of the restaurant sends a signal to the rest of the group (and in particular their friends and family) that this is the restaurant to pick. The more people who follow the signal, the stronger it gets and you have an Informational Cascade. Pic 1.2 The idea is presented in rigorous detail in a paper called Theory of fads, Fashion, Custom and Cultural Change as Informational cascades written by Sushil Bikhchandani, David Hirshleifer and Ivo Welch and published in 1992. To paraphrase: An informational cascade occurs when it is optimal for an individual, having observed the actions of those ahead of him to follow the behavior of the preceding individual without regard to his own informationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The prediction that a low-precision individual imitates a higher-precision predecessor is consistent with the evidence of numerous psychological experiments demonstrating that a subjects previous failure in a task raises the probability that in further trials he will imitate a model performing the task (see Thelen, Dollinger, and Kirkland 1979, p. 146)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Reference group doesnt have equal power for all types of products and consumption activities. Question is does consumers search rationally or it depends on NEED It has been seen that search is more in consumers who are moderately knowledgeable, when the product is low in perceived risk. There are two dimension that influence the degree to which referent power can work they are whether the purchase is to be consumed publicly or privately and whether its luxury or a necessity. Referent has more power over purchase which re for luxury rather than necessity and second important place where we can see the referent power is when the purchase is socially visible to other(William.,O, et al,1982) Referent power is inferred to the influencer by their subordinates. Project team members who have a great deal of respect and high regard for their project managers willingly go along with decisions made by the project manager because of referent power. If one admires the quality of a person or a group will try to imitate by copying referent behavior Prominent people celebrities can affect peoples consumption behavior by virtue of product endorsement, fashion statements or championing cause . referent power is important to many marketing strategies because consumers voluntarily change to please or identify with a referent 3.2. Normative influence Also known as utilitarian influence, occurs when an individual follows group expectation to gain a direct reward or to avoid a sanction ( Fischer et al, 1998). You may purchase one brand of beer to win acceptance by a friend or wont wear one particular brand for of teasing by friend. This influence is directly related with the bond of a person with its group Strongest the bond strong will be the influence. Mostly younger consumer are powered by this influence. A teenager starts smoking under this influence. 3.3. Identification Influence Also known as value-expressive influence, occur when consumer has adopted all values and attitude of group and identify himself with the. Here to influence advertiser will show the brand being used by socially active group It has been seen that teenagers and young one get influenced by this groups as they live under peer pressure(Auty,s.2001) You will hear in super market a child convincing his mother to buy a particular brand of cereals cause His friends use it , or a particular brand of shoes because his friends told him they are the best. It is these influence which leads them to cigarettes alcohol consumption influence as well. These influences can be used directly or indirectly by the marketer. Many researcher have researchers have come to conclusion lineage is also a very important factor where mother daughter and sisters will use the same brand and will have same shopping pattern (Miller, 1975; Moore-Shay and Lutz, 1988). .4. Celebrity as a referent power in advertising Celebrities like movie stars, sports person, Television stars help grab attention and communicate easily with consumers who admire them or wants to be like them. Its also known as ubiquitous feature of modern Marketing ( Mc Cracken, 1989), and approximately 20 percent of all promotions and advertisement uses use some type of celebrity endorsement (Bradley, 1996) . Marketers spends huge amount of money on celebrity contract on the belief that celebrity are effective spokesperson for their product or brand. Its very common that one celebrity becomes identity of one particular brand or product but in some cases more than one celebrity are being used. Like Pepsi uses superstar Shahrukh khan for his brand promo. Selection of a celebrity is very important characteristics of celebrity should match up with the brand to communicate effectiveness.( Kahle, Homer, 1985),Some companies used multiple celebrities to communicate. In the context of celebrity endorsement advertisement consumer may ask whether endorsers are promoting the product because she really believe in it? Or just because she has been paid to promote it. Its the attributes of celebrity which should match with perception of consumer. Thus sometime using multiple celebrities to endorse the product may help the product to reach the consumer (Mowen and Brown, 1981). Market also assumes that to reach target audience the celebrity should be like the consumer. Celebrity should have credibility attractiveness, Integrity and the main thing Plausibility he/ she behaves as referent influence, if referent Is not plausible it will not be effective . Here referent will be effective and will hold power by their influence as they are aspiration ass ociate group. Celebrities with a bigger Halo will have bigger effect. Despite more and more celebrity are pitched in, many commercials using celebrity endorsers do not live up to the expectations (Miciak and Shanklin, 1994). However, if used appropriately, celebrity endorsers can play a very important role in developing brand equity and enhancing a brands competitive position. Like Andre Agassi fits well with, and enhances, the image of Canons Rebel line of cameras. And Nike and Michael Jordon are synonymous when one thinks of Jordon they think of Nike, they have become part of each other. Before endorsing a product with particular celebrity marketer should do research that how well the celebrity and the brand belong together and how celebrity represent the product.. If there is great ease and relation of brand an d celebrity they get more quickly develop an association. 5. Degree of Reference Group Influence If one sees critically around us we can clearly sees that consumer does not decide abruptly. Referent power of any kind is always playing at the back of his mind. It suggest that rational persuasion, inspirational appeals are effective in influencing final decision(Farrell and Schroder(1996).while the influence of personal appeals, coalition or any kind of pressure were ineffective in any decision outcome( Case etal., 1988). So one can say that things which does not personally appeal or internalize favorable attitude one are not effective or will not have a very strong motivation in buying behavior. As it is well said Power is the ability to effect change (Kohli and Zaltman, 1988.,Ghoneim, 1987) These influencing power can be used by marketer A number of authors have well said that power is the ability to effect changes. Conversely, power bases depends on the characteristics of an individual that afford Referent power will have different impact on different people in different situation, or may be the category of the product used, or the brand used As the purchase is done to influence the group, the product or brand should be visible, for example product like watch, shoes, here product category ( watch), and brand (Swatch) are all visible. The consumption of some tonic is private .Referent power is quite visible when the product is visible to the group and he get accepted or appreciated in the group for his buy. High involvement Low involvement Significant Differences between brands Complex buying behavior Variety- seeking buying behavior Few Differens between brands Dissonance-reducing Buying behavior Habitual buying behavior (Table 5.1) If the need is high there is less power of referent for example when one want to buy a microwave. Reference group influence will be higher if one wants to buy things which is less necessary e.g. in buying clothes or in simple words on can say that decision to buy toothpaste tennis racket, a personal computer, a refrigetor are all very different. Expensive and complex purchase or things which involve more knowledge involve more participant and more suggestion from peer are taken.( Table 5.1)( Henry 1987) Relationship, bondage of of an individual with the group is another very important criteria which can affect on purchasing decision. More one feels committed to the group more he get influence by the referent power . One will be more careful when in dressing up when joining a group whom he wants to influence than when he wants to go for dinner with group he doesnt feel related or committed. It also depends on activity in which individual is involve with a group , How relevant is the activity for example going for office dinner is more important than going out with your friend for a match. There is clear evidence that individual differ in tendency in getting powered by influence (keillor et al,1996)Reference influence is also related to a reward or punishments, reward may be in the form of acceptance in the group, promotion gain trust with your peer and punishments may be in the form of rejection or hatred. In preteen group it may be severe and of social consequences. So to it can be said that referent power should have authority to implement both. We can still argue that referent power should not misuse legal power or illegally pressurize as he might use credibility Refrent power is someone which is look upon by individual and if it loses credibility and trust power will be gone. So we can say that the greater the referent power, the lower the use of legitimate pressure (Farell et al.,1999). In this context its interesting to know about the balance theory (Heider, 1946) Every individual have some preconceived ideas and perception which remain at his subconscious level. And while purchasing it plays a very important role. The greatest power one has over other is when one is sufficiently intimate to permit other to facilitate, because the relation between influencer and consumer is cohesive. Referent power involvement Lets take an example I want to purchase a very expensive notebook I have seen advertisement of Dell, hp and Acer now I m confuse I want to buy something g which is very important but I dont have much knowledge what will I do I will not just go an d purchase it from the counter I will go to one of my friend or family member who has knowledge about it I will involve his opinion. But if at the same time I m hungry and I want to buy a packet of biscuit I will just go to the supermarket and choose any packet or may be the one I have been using from the shelf I would not involve others and take opinion from others for purchasing a pack of biscuit. So opinion leader are needed where there is high purchase involve with no knowledge of product while when low purchase involvement is there I wont take any opinion even if I have less knowledge( Table 1.1) PRODUCT/ PURCHASE INVOLVEMENT Product knowledge High Product knowledge Low HIGH Moderate High Low Low Moderate (Table 6.1) Consumers, especially gen X, tend to follow their peer what they feel trendy and worn by the `in crowd (Agins 1999; Spiegler 1996). Here we can see their deep-seated willingness and thirst to belong, often becoming image- and brand-conscious consumers. Now `what is trendy is what they drive from word-of-mouth communications. Retail Entrepreneur of the Year, Anne Yuri Namba, has found to be quoted as that her home business was initiated and stimulated entirely by word of mouth. As her fame spread, so did the demand for her unusual, highly distinctive fashions (Chain Store Age 2000). Marcus (1999) reported that word of mouth plays an very important role along with demographic information when decisions are made in the fashion industry. One can say, fashion demand may be generated by the simultaneous presence of local externalities and word-of-mouth communication (Corneo and Olivier 1999).Individual sharing information about with other highly target consumer plays a very critical role o n consumer decision and market success. Our friends and relatives are the main source of information, when we are in group we observe their styles, what product they use or by directly asking the opinion. One research shown that half of American agrees that that they often seeks advice of others before making any purchase and 40% feel that people come to them for advice. (Walkes, p 40). The internet has changed the term a little now it can be called Word Of Internet. Where one seek advice from a complete stranger. There are some individual who actively filter, interpret, or provide brand or product information to their family and friends, They are called opinion Leaders they play very strong referent power influence over other WE just cant credit only referent power involved in purchasing decision of an individual we cant pass anything to them making it look like their group or brand image Research have shown that decision to purchase particular product is also influenced by the image and credibility of the companies that market and manufacture consumer products (Lafferty and Goldsmith 1999). If the company is positively portrayed, and has a good image consumers generally maintain a positive disposition toward the company and its products. However, if the company has some rumor some ethical or cultural issues in the backyard , less favorable feelings may subsequently influence whether consumers decide to purchase the companys products (Lee and Bernstein 2000; Ligos 1999). How Much Does It affect During 1996 one rumored was spread about Tommy Hilfiger, stating that company had made some bad remarks African-Americans and Asian which were their core clients. The rumor was mostly on internet. Hilfiger websites denied the rumor completely and there was call to was call to boycott Tommy Hilfiger clothing, especially in the African-American. T The strength and persistence of the strength of rumor suggested that it will affect the sale of brand in African-American market African-American magazine telling them not to buy who doesnt respect ( Graves 1998) here the referent power was internet, mouth to mouth and magazine community, the whole impact was studied and recorded( kImberly 2001) One implication of these recordings was that the staying power of the rumors had eventually harm sales of the Tommy Hilfiger brand in a core target market. Wall street Journal article reported a 28 per cent decrease in sales for the Tommy Hilfiger company (Agins 2001). Company denied the rumored took African-American model and try to recapture the market and used integrated marketing scheme strategically. In retail market consumer is very important and referent power play a very important role Thus retail clothing market should take careful measurements to track their image all designers, regardless of popularity, must follow up their image a nd communications with their consumers. In one of the similar case Reebok has been forced to clarify itself for more than a decade against a rumor that company produce its products in South Africa and supported apartheid ( Turnet 1992). Initially company didnt take much notice and didnt think much of it but later company suffered protests and boycotts and then company has to come out its forceful campaign `Reebok is NOT in South Africa (Kazi-Ferrouillet 1990). And till now company addressed the issue on its website (Reebok.com) Referent influence has been examined in the context of consumer vulnerability to interpersonal influence (Bearden et al., 1989) where influence is the extent to which an individuals consumer choices are influenced by other people. In impulse buying its the cognitive behavior which is seen where a consumer cannot get the information from any one so He doesnt come under informational power but high level of normative influence comes in existence and affect the purchase decision, thus we can say that normative consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence is positively related to the affective component of impulse buying. When will it effect We have to understand stages in purchasing decision of a buyers Information search Refrent group Internet search promo Check option Pricing Brand image Purchase decisions He decide to purchase Need Awareness May be prompted by marketing Post buying behavior, Reinforcement from media friends (Diagram 8.1) Stages of Consumer Buying Behavior 1. Need Awareness: A need may arise or been establish by promotion of a companys marketing. Refrent power here may or may not be very influential 2. Information Search: Buyers search and ask Internet has made research easier for buyers. He may read on websites of different company .Here referent power play a very important role. As he is seeking the information company may use its influence with promos, handout an updated websites or trial samples distribution 3. Check Options: Once information is collected customer will evaluate all option he will search for price and company credibility.. 4. Purchase Decision: The last step just sell and close the deals at this moment any influencing may harm. If he is still hesitant u can still recommend and help your buyers for the best deal .5. Post Buying Behavior: Todays marketer knows very well that to keep loyalty of a customer is very important as now he himself will be a referent power over the other potential buyers. Even at this stage any negative reinforcement will bring remorse and he may not recommend it to others. Influence of referent power also depends on at what stage is a brand once a brand mature its brand image itself is good referent power but at introduction stage a company needs good referent power. 9. Conclusion Referent power is very effective in certain cases and marketer should use that power but at the same time they should keep in mind that for that power to be influential they have to keep certain points in mind Referent power to be effective should bring a connection with the consumer, or he should look up to it or relate to him Message used by referent power should be used as simple as possible it should not be complex or confusing Celebrity power will be more effective if used repeatedly as it strengthen the relationship of brand with that celebrity and so it brings trust in the target audience When choosing a celebrity marketer should be careful that he is already not strongly associated to some other brand or services, but nothing comes without a drawback. If celebrity or your referent power get into negative publicity it brings down with him the product. A wrong selection will tarnish the whole image Referent power is effective if your target audience is young and not much knowledgeable about the brand or product. Its more affective on one who does not have much knowledge and have low self image It so one can say its most effective with children. Referent power does not only influence at the time of purchasing but also post purchasing as after purchasing a product Consumer look at his influence group for appreciation and even any negative comment at that stage will disheartened him and He may not buy the product again A company should not try to play its own trumpet but can bring trust and credibility through awards, media or testimonials of other customers Make a purchase an happy ending for him offer him warranty period or an extended trial period will help in Him becoming a potential referent power over other buyers

Analysis of Bandura’s cognitive theory Essay

Introduction The study of human behavior or behaviorism focuses on attributes of humanity that are discernible, measurable and which can be manipulated. The emphasis of behaviorism is on experimental methods and avoids attributes that are subjective, internal or unavailable. The experimental method involves the manipulation of one variable and measurement of its effect on another variable. It is from the study of variable and effects that a Canadian psychologist, Albert Bandura found the cognitive theory (or social cognitive theory) (Bandura, 2006). Bandura for instance observed aggressive behavior in adolescents and opined that the aggressiveness is caused by the environment in which the adolescents grow. On the other hand, he also realized that behavior causes an environment as well. Thus, since behavior and environment are causes and effects of each other, Bandura referred to the concept as reciprocal determinism (Bandura1986). In short, Bandura’s theory was based on the fact that the world and a person’s character (behavior) affect each other (Bandura, 1986). While it would appear that the environment was the cause of behavior and personality, Bandura also realized that personality is an interaction of a person’s psychological responses in relation to the environment (Bandura, 2006). The psychological processes consist of the human being’s ability to entertain different images and languages. Thus, the cognitive theory is built on two essential principles. The first one is a framework for explaining how different personalities function, whereas the other one addresses the type of variables (that is the elements of analysis) on which the personality theory should be centred (Bandura, 2006). In analysis of the influence of reciprocal determinism, Bandura categorically uses the word â€Å"determinism† to imply the aspect in which effects are produced by events (Bandura, 2006). However, this opinion does not mean that a human being’s actions arise from straightforward and predictable chains of cause and consequence. Rather, it implies that events produce effects by chance. As a result, the probability or chance of an event producing an effect is emphasized in Bandura’s cognitive theory (Bandura, 2006). Perhaps the most significant aspect of Bandura’s theory is the way in which the theory treats behavior. Unlike many other theoretical frameworks, this theory has equal action on both the input of the personality and the output of personality (Bandura, 1986). In essence, Bandura’s opinion is that a person’s actions and the resultant effects shape the person’s aptitude, feelings and belief in one self (Bandura, 2006). For example, many behaviorist theories depict scant curiosity in self-process because the theorists assume that human functioning is caused by external stimulus rather than the internal stimulus which is only considered as transmitting rather than causing behavior (Bandura, 1986). This paper critically evaluates the notable features of Bandura’s cognitive theory and discusses in detail the viewpoint of the Bandura at the time of formulation of the theory and the theory’s subsequent modification. The paper will also appraise the strengths and weaknesses of the theory based on the discussion. Analysis of the salient features of Bandura’s cognitive theory The most notable feature of Bandura’s social cognitive theory is the concept of reciprocal determinism (Bandura, 1986). Reciprocal determinism is a phenomenon that implies the causes and effects of different actions on behavior and environment and how they affect each other. Thus, Bandura’s theory was based on the point that personal factors in the form of cognition, biological events and affect, behavior and environmental factors create interfaces that result in a triadic reciprocality as illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1: The foundation of Bandura’s (1986) concept of the social cognitive theory. Source: Created from the description by Bandura (2006) Bandura modified the label of his theory from the common perspective of social learning to social cognitive in order to distance it from the common social learning theories of his time (Bandura, 1986). He also wanted to lay emphasis on the idea that cognition plays a significant role in people’s capability to construct reality, regulate their personality, encode information and display other kinds of behavior. According to Bandura (1971), the reciprocal form of the determinants of individual human functioning in social cognitive theory enables services such as therapeutic and counseling efforts to be rendered with focus on personal environment or behavioral factors as illustrated in the diagram above. Based on this, strategies to improve a person’s well-being can be aimed at ameliorating the emotional, cognitive and motivational process of the human being (Bandura, 1986). The focus can also be on improving behavioral capabilities or changing the communal conditions under which people live and work. As an example, teachers in schools have a role to not only improve their students’ academic learning and confidence, but also boost their (students’) self-beliefs and habits of thinking. Hence, teachers and students have to embrace all the components of Bandura’s triadic expression of cognitive theory. As earlier mentioned, Bandura’s social cognitive theory sets itself aside from other theories that overemphasize the role played by environmental factors in the development of human behavior (Bandura, 1986; Bandura, 2006). These theories are often dismissed since they have the redundant factor of cause and effect that is unworthy in the context of evaluating the psychological aspect of human beings. Thus according to Bandura, psychology per se without a clear self-examination cannot purport to explain the complexities of human intricacies of human functioning. Bandura (1986) further noted it is by evaluating their own conscious minds that people discern their own psychological processes. Therefore, in order to predict how the human behavior is affected by environmental outcomes, it is imperative that the individual’s cognitive process and how he or she interprets the outcomes be understood.

The Systemic And Structural Domination And Control Of Women

â€Å"Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is a precondition for meeting the challenge of reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance†-Kofi Annan (Gurria, 2012). The systemic and structural domination and control of women and girls is justified by cultural, religious, social, economic, and political norm and stereotypes. In many agricultural societies, women are predominantly in charge of child-rearing, cooking, housekeeping, and provide agricultural assistance to men in their communities. Lower levels of education, lack of decision making power, and a lessened ability to climb out of poverty are also symptoms of gender normative violence. Gender normative violence refers to the widespread†¦show more content†¦Ironically, results from their studies revealed that domestic gender equality increases as the severity of violence in conflict decreases (Caprioli, M., Boyer, M. A). A recent example of interstate conflict in a nation with high domestic gender inequality would be the Darfur genocide. The domestic force known as the Janjaweed are employed rape and other acts of sexual violence as systematic weapons of genocide and ethnic cleansing. In 2008, The LA Times reported that at least 250,000 women and girls were sexually assaulted during 2003-2005, the height of the genocide (Scheffer, 2008). Something which we think is impossible now is not impossible in another decade.— Attorney Constance Baker Motley.. Western nations like the U.S., Great Britain, and France have often been seen as the â€Å"world’s police force.† These nations have led the way in human rights intervention. Those same nations have also lack a cohesive international political consensus when it comes to dealing with gender, peace, and security in times of conflict. There is a series of solutions that A successful gender equality coalition would have the following characteristics: a shared vision with explicit gender equality goals and involve civilian organizations like NGOs and women’s organizations. History changing political and social movements begin at the grassroots level. The vision has be that gender equality and women’s empowerment aren’t just cogs in the development but the core of

Social And Biological That Have Affected Tommy s...

Introduction In the vignette provided Tommy, an 11 yr.-old male Hispanic male is suffering from numerous symptoms such as compulsive behavior, extreme mood swings, difficulty engaging in meaningful conversations and problems with concentration, to name a few. Tommy first started showing signs of disruptive and hyper behavior as early as 18 months. There are numerous factors both environmental and biological that have affected Tommy’s development and care. His mother and maternal grandmother both suffer from bipolar disorder. While pregnant with Tommy his mother had adequate prenatal care however, she may have exposed her son to various harmful substances. Also, prior to becoming pregnant Tommy’s mother had been on numerous medications for substance abuse, severe depression and suicidal ideation. At 18 months Tommy displayed hyper and difficult to discipline behavior. He lived with both of his parents as well as his paternal grandparents up until his parentsâ€℠¢ divorce when he was five. Prior to the divorce the relationship between his parents was very strained. While Tommy was living with his parents his mother refused to take her medication, experienced extreme mood swings and often engaged in inappropriate behavior. Tommy mimicker her inappropriate behavior and often exposed his genitals to other children, which resulted in him being placed in a school for children with behavior problems. At the age of three Tommy was diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant DisorderShow MoreRelatedHiv/Aids in Nigeria6960 Words   |  28 Pagesabout 20% higher in 2000 than in 1990. In 2001 alone 170,000 adults and children died of AIDS at the end of 2001, UNAIDS estimated that 1 million children orphaned by AIDS were living in Nigeria. USAID Brief (2004) further added that several factors have contributed to the rapid of HIV in Nigeria. 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